In class, we have been discussing thermodynamics and reaction rates. I want you to research how these topics are used industry, agriculture, or in the treatment of contaminated soil, waste, or water.
The following are some questions to guide your research and should be answered in your post: What type of reaction is taking place? Is the reaction endothermic or exothermic? What kind of enthalpy change takes place? What is the purpose of the study, research, etc.? Describe the rate of the reaction. Do they use anything to speed up or slow down the reaction being used. How is the research interesting to you?
The post is due by next Thursday, May 23rd @ Midnight. We will discuss the next day in class. If you have any questions, please let me know.
Good Luck!
Water Trearment
ReplyDeleteIn the process of purifying water, reaction rates can be noted. A type of purification called coagulation is used by mixing specific chemicals with a specific amount water to be treated. The chemicals are added into a tank with an adjustable orifice; pumps are used to insert the proper amount of solution. The chemicals and water are mixed together roughly, speeding the reaction up. The characteristics of the water determine what chemicals will be used. For example, when dealing with algae, algaecides such as copper sulfate and iron salts are used. The only problem with algaecides is they kill the algae but not the toxins. Disinfectants such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, and hypo chlorate are mixed with water to make it safe and drinkable. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide are mainly used to purify drinking water; they both deal with taste and odor problems. Ozone is an oxidation medium that breaks down bacteria and odor that it comes into contact with. Hypo chlorate is no longer used to disinfect water because it caused bromate to occur in the water. This topic is interesting because it affects everyday lives. The human population needs water to survive, and if there were no purification plants to purify the water people would become sick and die. Most people around the world do not have the privilege of water purification plants; thousands die every year because they drink un - sanitized water. It makes me feel fortunate to have this privilege.
http://www.lenntech.com/products/chemicals/water-treatment-chemicals.htm
http:www.eurowater.20m.com/whats_new.html
Have you ever touched a piece of metal and a piece of wood in the same room? You noticed that the metal felt cooler than the wood, yet are they the same temperature? That is an example of thermodynamics. When your hand touches the metal, your hand releases heat through conductivity, or the ability to conduct heat or energy. When your hand touches the metal, it releases more heat than when your hand touches the wood. These substances have different specific heats, which is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius. Even though the metal feels cooler, they are the same temperature. The concept of thermodynamics came into place when steam engines were becoming popular during the Industrial Revolution. This reaction would be exothermic.
ReplyDeletehttps://thescienceclassroom.wikispaces.com/Thermodynamics
Have you ever wondered how a jet or a plane stays in the air and flies? The engine moves the plane at a speed which allows the plane to maintain a steady course. An engine is very complex, however, and involves an ample amount of gas to fuel the plane. Gas comes in a liquid state when put in an engine, and the plane needs gas in a gaseous state to move. Thermodynamics allows the liquid gas to change from a liquid to a gas by processes of heating and combusting in the engine. This allows the liquid gas in the engine to heat up to a point where it takes on a gaseous form and gives the energy to the engine to allow the different parts to move in the engine. Whether or not the plane flies is directly related to the thermodynamics that happens in the engine. This topic interests me because my grandfather was a pilot, and aviation has always interested me.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/brayton.html
A very common reaction that takes place everyday is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis in plants occurs through a light reaction and a dark reaction.In the light reaction, wavelengths of light are absorbed by chlorophyll molecules. The bonds of light energy are stored in molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In the dark reaction the ATP combines with carbon dioxide to form sugar. Without this reaction it would be impossible for plants to live causing animals to die which would in time cause humans to perish. Fertilizer can be used as a catalyst to help the plant grow faster and stronger. The help of the fertilizer can cause the reaction speed to increase. The reaction is an endothermic reaction because the plant is taking in the energy from the sunlight and other nutrients to form food. The rate of the reaction varies depending on the amount of sunlight and nutrients the plant is absorbing. This subject is interesting to me because without photosynthesis life would not be possible.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.ehow.com/list_7515173_chemical-reactions-used-farming-industry.html
Sulphuric acid is a substance commonly created in industry. It's created through a multi-step process that involves several reactions. The first step of the process starts by pure sulphur being obtained through fossil fuels. Sulphur dioxide is created by taking the original sulphur and burning it with oxygen. (S(l) + O2(g) SO2(g). Sulphur dioxide is then turned into sulphur trioxide. A catalyst, vanadium oxide, is involved in this step. (2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g). The remaining sulphur dioxide isn't released because it can cause acid rain. The sulphur trioxide that has been produced is then mixed with sulphuric acid, producing oleum. The oleum is further mixed with water to create the final sulphuric acid. (SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(l).
ReplyDeleteEvery step of this reaction is exothermic and has a negative enthalpy value. The sulphuric acid is used in things such as fertilizers. I found this research interesting because the steps carried out are very complex.
http://namedorganicreactions.co.uk/Sulphuric.pdf
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/sulfuric-acid-uses-sulfuric-acid.html
Reactions and reaction rates can be seen in the wastewater treatment process. The goal of the treatment process is to improve the condition of water that contains waste materials. Several methods can be used to treat wastewater: chlorination, neutralization, and coagulation. The most common method of treatment uses the chemical chlorine to treat wastewater. The addition of chlorine to the wastewater kills most bacteria that exist in the water. This reaction is therefore exothermic. When the chlorine is added, the concentration of chlorine is high but, as the reaction slows the concentration of the chlorine decreases. I am not sure about the amount of time it takes for the reaction to take place, but I would guess it would take a decent amount of time to eliminate all the bacteria. Industrial waste is often neutralized; the process of neutralization uses the addition of an acid or base to make the pH level of the water neutral again. For example, lime, which is a base, can be used to neutralize acid waste. This process is also exothermic in nature. Coagulation is the most complicated form of treatment. A chemical must be added to the waste. Then, a chemical reaction takes place. The concentration of the chemical added, which is the reactant in the reaction, decreases in concentration and eventually changes to the final product. The final product is what removes the waste from the water. Polyvalent metals are the most common chemical used to trigger the chemical reaction. I found this interesting because wastewater is produced everyday and constantly needs to be treated to remove waste. If wastewater was not treated, the world would be a much dirtier place.
ReplyDeletehttp://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/methods.htm
Soil contamination is a large problem in the modern day one way of removing these contaminates is thermodynamics. There are different ways of heating the soil depending on the soil type. Clayey soil is heated by using a electrical current, and sanding soil is heated by blowing steam into the soil. removing the contaminates are also done in a special way. For sandy soil water and air is sucked through the heated sand bringing the contained with it. The hotter the soil is heated to than the better the contaminates are removed.
ReplyDeleteattfile.konetic.or.kr/konetic/xml/use/31C5A0245001.doc
Thermodynamics is used in the water purification proccess. "Wastewater is recieved in a regulator tank from the principal receiver tank and is pumped at a constant flow straight to the biological reactor where it is mixed with air. The water from the reactor runs into the clarificator by the means of gravity, where the residual sludges gather and are sent to the receiver tank. The water passes by gravity to the filters and more residual sludge is removed. Chlorine gas is injected into the water to disinfect it." The reaction is an endothermic reaction because the products are higher than the reactants. The enthalpy change would be the gravity removing the sludges from the water. The rate of the reaction depends on the amount of air used to push the water through the system. The catalysts used in the reaction are the chlorine gas and air.
ReplyDeletehttp://ehakem.com/index.php/IJoT/article/viewFile/119/109
Today in the automotive industry catalytic converters are very useful in providing a healthier environment. A catalytic converter's purpose is to remove or lessen the waste products carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons in gasoline. The reaction that takes place is endothermic, because it absorbs heat. Catalytic converters use a catalyst that is a combination of platinum, palladium, and rhodium. The reaction rate depends on the type and particular catalytic converter. This interests me, because I drive a car almost everyday of the week. I have not thought about what was really happening in my car's converter.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.explorecuriocity.org/Content.aspx?contentid=1779
Renewable energy applications are becoming a popular means of power generation within our society. Microbial fuel cells are new form of renewable energy technology that can generate electricity from what would otherwise be considered waste. According to the Logan Group of Pennsylvania State University , this technology can use bacterium already present in wastewater as catalysts to generating electricity while simultaneously treating wastewater (Lui et al., 2004; Min and Logan, 2004). Although MFCs generate a lower amount of energy and efficiency than that of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells, a combination of both electricity production and wastewater treatment would reduce the cost of treating primary effluent wastewater. It is interesting to me because it shows how we can use waste to make it reusable.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.engr.psu.edu/ce/enve/logan/bioenergy/pdf/Zielke_E471_Project.pdf
ReplyDeleteAir conditioning systems and refrigerators exemplify thermodynamics in households, schools, and offices. Even though a reaction does not take place at the molecular level of air, the air changes physically from warmer to colder. Both air conditioners and refrigerators require electricity, which is energy, to work. Also, the air gets colder in the process, which is a negative enthalpy. These two qualities define the reaction as endothermic. Insulation is a catalysts for the reaction, since without them the cooled air would be released and not contained, and the better quality of insulation speeds up the effect. Also, the better the insulation, the less energy is required to cool a space, again defining insulation as a catalyst. The rate of cooling in a particular refrigerator or air conditioning unit remains constant. Other factors including external temperature, quality of insulation, and the amount of space being cooled determines the rate of which the area will reach or maintain the desired temperature. This is interesting to me because air conditioning keeps people comfortable indoors from heat and refrigerators allow people to eat foods that would not be possible to keep otherwise.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.engineering.com/Library/ArticlesPage/tabid/85/ArticleID/218/Thermodynamics.aspx
Cooling Towers are used to transfer heat from cooling water to the atmosphere. These towers promote efficient water usage and prevent environmental damage. Cooling towers are used in power stations, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, and natural gas plants. Two heat transfer methods can be used within cooling towers: wet and dry. The wet cooling tower method uses evaporation to transfer heat. Water can be cooled to a temperature lower than the ambient air “dry-bulb” temperature. The dry cooling tower method uses convection to transfer heat. Heat is transferred through a surface that separates the water from ambient air, such as in a heat exchanger. Heat transfer is proportional to the surface area over which it occurs. Airflow in the cooling towers comes from natural air most of the time. The warm air naturally rises due to the density differential to the dry, cooler outside air. This moist air buoyancy produces an airflow through the tower. The flow rate through a cooling tower in a typical 700 MW power plant is about 315,000 gal/min. Cooling towers have 95% efficiency, losing only 5% of circulating water to evaporation. Power consumption is minimal due to few moving parts. Cooling towers save plants thousands to millions of dollars per year in water consumption and recycling costs.
ReplyDeletehttps://t-square.gatech.edu/access/content/group/80020.200908/presentations/Cooling%20Towers.ppt
Cooling machines, such as refrigerators and air conditioners, regularly use the process of thermodynamics. For example, refrigerators absorb the surrounding warmer are and transfer it to the back of the refrigerator in an effort to keep the stored items cold. If you were to feel the back of the inside of a refrigerator, it would be warm while the air surrounding would be cool. The refrigerator contains an evaporator that vaporizes and coolant such as Freon 12. The gas released reacts with the oxygen in the refrigerator and the air becomes cool. Air conditioners work in a similar way. Warm air flows into the evaporator, reacts with the coolant, becomes cool, and is released. These machines control the flow of heat and change the empalthy levels to cool the air.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Physics-Vol-2/Thermodynamics-Real-life-applications.html
Whether you're using a desktop or laptop computer, there's a good chance that if you stop what you're doing and listen carefully, you'll hear the whirring of a small fan. If your computer has a high-end video card and lots of processing power, you might even hear more than one.
ReplyDeleteIn most computers, fans do a pretty good job of keeping electronic components cool. But for people who want to use high-end hardware or coax their PCs into running faster, a fan might not have enough power for the job. If a computer generates too much heat, liquid cooling, also known as water cooling, can be a better solution. It might seem a little counterintuitive to put liquids near delicate electronic equipment, but cooling with water is far more efficient than cooling with air.
A liquid-cooling system for a PC works a lot like the cooling system of a car. Both take advantage of a basic principle of thermodynamics - that heat moves from warmer objects to cooler objects. As the cooler object gets warmer, the warmer object gets cooler. You can experience this principle firsthand by putting your hand flat on a cool spot on your desk for several seconds. When you lift your hand, your palm will be a little cooler, and the spot where your hand was will be a little warmer.
http://computer.howstuffworks.com/liquid-cooled-pc5.htm
DeleteMost people do not realize how they use thermodynamics everyday. Cooking involves the heating of food to a proper temperature so the normal person can consume the food. To start off, the outcome of the zeroth law of thermodynamics, or when two systems come in contact with each other, and they will exchange a net of energy between them until they are at thermal equilibrium. One of the outcomes of this law can be the transferring of heat to a cooler substance. This process will stop when temperatures reach thermal equilibrium. There are three types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. The most common one is conduction, or when two substances come in direct contact to transfer the heat. Convection, or the transferring of heat through a liquid or air. The last one, radiation is when the sun heats up the earth. There are different obstacles for a product to reach thermal equilibrium, such as thickness, temperature, heat resistant and surface area. Thickness is describing the girth of the substance, for example it would be harder to heat a 5 pound steak than a 2 pound steak. Temperature depends on how high you cook the food. Heat resistant of a substance is how it with stands heat pressure. Wood is more resistant than metal is, so metal will heat faster. If there is less surface area, the substance will heat faster. These can be physical or chemical reactions, and can be exothermic or endothermic. I thought this was important to research because it is important to know what the transferring of heat (thermodynamics)does to our food.
ReplyDeletehttp://arbit-blogger.blogspot.com/2007/08/cooking-and-thermodynamics.html
The human body has reaction rates that take place every day. Without these rates we would not be able to function. One of these reactions that take place is called metabolism. Metabolism is something that consists of both catabolism and anabolism, which are the build up and break down of substances. Catabolism is a process consisting of all the reactions during which larger moleculed are broken down into smaller ones, releasing energy. An example of this being the breaking down of protien into amino acids. Anabolism is a proccess consisting of all the reactions during which the assembly of small molecules are created into larger ones and the stored as energy in newly formed chemical bonds. The term metabolic rate refers to the amount of chemical energy a person frees from their body per unit of time. CHemical energy is something that is measured in calories, or amount of energy that will heat one gram of water by one degree celcius. A persons metobolic rate is dependant on certain variables such as their diet, physical activity, or state of being. There are two metabolic states called absorptive and postabsorptive. During the absorptive state, the body uses what nutrients are needed and stores the rest. This process is largely regulated by the hormone called insulin. A persons BMR or basal metabolic rate is the minimum calorie requirement they need in order to sustain life. BMR is responsible for burning most of the calories in a persons body. BMR is determied by several generic factors. I chose to research metabolism because it is a process that takes place every single day, whether we are eating or not!
ReplyDeletehttp://www.disabled-world.com/fitness/metabolism/
Have you ever wondered about power plants and how they produced the substances they do? Why don't the plants explode or catch on fire because of the intense heat? It's simply relates to thermodynamics. One of the important fields of thermodynamics is heat transfer, which relates to transfer of heat between two media. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation. The concept of heat transfer is used in wide range of devices like heat exchangers, evaporators, condensers, radiators, coolers, heaters, etc., and these devices are used in various types of power plants: such as thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric power plants, power plants based on renewable energy sources like solar, wind,geothermal, tides, water waves etc... All the different tools mentioned above are key to power plants safety.
ReplyDeleteAn example of a reaction rate is in thermit welding. Thermit welding is often used to repair railroad tracks. The necessary heat needed for joining of metal is gained from a chemical reaction of a metal oxide and a metal reducing agent. Usually iron oxide is used as the metal oxide and magnesium or aluminum is used as the metal reducing agent. The strong chemical attraction between oxygen and aluminum or magnesium is what the reaction is based off of. It is an exothermic reaction because iron is released. The purpose of this is to repair many different things. A magnesium ribbon is used to speed up the process because it is easier to light. This interests me because I like to weld.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.typesofwelding.net/thermit_welding.html
www.springer.com/cda/content/.../cda.../9781447123088-c2.pdf?...
ReplyDeletewww.slideshare.net/upasana_panigrahi/thermodynamics-of-power-plan
webserver.dmt.upm.es/~isidoro/bk3/c17/Power.pdf
You probably don't realize that you use thermodynamics every time you drive your car. The engine of a car is cooled by the car's cooling system.A car runs more efficiently at higher temperatures,but as fuel is burned the engine can overheat.So the cooling system must quickly reach the maximum temperature and keep it from over heating.The cooling system uses a liquid to cool the engine. Once the liquid cools the engine it is sent to a thermostat. If the liquid is too hot then it is sent to the radiator to be cooled, and if the liquid is cool enough it will be sent back to the pump.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.howstuffworks.com/engine-cooling-system.htm
Many mechanical engineers use thermodynamics to design engines for cars, boats, and planes. A heat engine is an engine that converts heat to work and forces the heat that does not aid in the work out. The heat engines in cars use the first and second law of thermodynamics, conservation of heat and transfer of heat. The conservation of heat within a heat engine is the hot and cold reservoir for the heat to be conserved in the hot and released in the cold. The hot reservoir is the combustion chamber where the fuel and oxygen combust to produce heat and transfer the heat from chamber to the headers of the engine. The heat engine's combustion chamber transfers heat out of the engine through the exhaust in order to keep the engine cool and prevent overheating. The cold reservoir is the exhaust into the environment. The reaction within a heat engine is a combustion reaction because the fuel and air is combusting in the engine. The energy produced from a heat engine is exothermic and puts out energy to convert it to work. The enthalpy value is negative which means that the reaction is exothermic. The heat engine is used to power many vehicles from small cars to cargo ships. Without the use of heat engines we would still be walking from place to place or using man-powered vehicles such as a bike. Not only has the heat engine and thermodynamics changed the way mechanical engineers and designers think and make new things, but it has changed the way we travel and reach destinations with ease. The heat engine's rate of reaction is extremely fast and quick when at normal conditions with air and fuel intake; however, too much fuel can slow or even stop an engine from producing energy. The use of nitrous oxide and high combustion fuel will speed up the reaction rate and overall speed of the engine. I like the topic of engines because of how they evolved over time and become faster and stronger with new mechanics that mechanical engineers create and improve.
ReplyDeletehttp://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heaeng.html
http://galileo.phys.virginia.edu/classes/152.mf1i.spring02/CarnotEngine.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm
Mercury thermometers operate on the principal that the mercury expands when heated and contracts when cooled.In genera, all substances expand and contract when the temperature changes. Thermodynamics guarantees that we can construct a comparative scale of temperatures that is independent of what type of thermometer we use. If at thermometer gives a certain reading when its in thermal equilibrium with object A, and also gives the same reading for object B, then A and B must be the same temperature, regardless of the details of how the thermometers works.
ReplyDeleteThermodynamics is the study of the relationships between heat, work, and energy. Conduction takes place best in solids but works well with metals because their molecules are packed in tightly. When one end of an iron rod is heated, the other end will get hot due to conduction. If one end of the iron rod is sitting in a fire and one end is surrounded by air at room temperature, it is unlikely that the end in the air will ever get as hot as the end in the fire.The qualities that make metallic solids good conductors of heat also make them good conductors of electricity.
ReplyDeleteRead more: http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Physics-Vol-2/Thermodynamics-Real-life-applications.html#ixzz2UAkgyem1
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThermodynamics is tied into everyday life in a matter of ways. Heat is a prime example of how thermodynamics is used. The same goes for soil conservation. Freezing soil ecosystems function in accord with the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which states “in any energy conversion, the final product will consist of less usable energy than the original product, because of the inevitable loss of energy in the form of heat.” Thermodynamics has been proven being very useful in helping soil scientists understand the strange occurrences of frost heave, which is ice forming beneath the surface of soil during freezing conditions in the atmosphere, and helped predict when frost heave would occur. The coexistence of ice and water in the soil pores is the most basic characteristic of frozen soils. As a result, the study of frozen soils requires long thought of phase change and freezing points. A smart way to calculate the ground enthalpy change is to analyze the ground during the cooling and warming periods. The enthalpy change into the soil is equal to the heat exchange through the surface of the ground during each season that provides important data for studies on freezing soil. The reaction takes place during the season change, so there is no way to speed it up or slow it down. When the soil starts to freeze, it develops at different rates depending on the thermal and hydraulic properties of each layer. Freezing soil is an exothermic reaction. This research is interesting to me because I am in FFA and I like planting vegetables or flowers and I like to know what goes on behind the scenes of the soil when I am not there to water or prune the plant, especially during the cold months.
ReplyDeletehttp://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?bid=CBO9780511564437&cid=CBO9780511564437A047
http://www.the-cryosphere.net/3/133/2009/tc-3-133-2009.pdf
http://www.safs.msu.edu/soilecology/soilecology.htm
Modern refrigerators use thermodynamics to stay cool. When you have two things that are different temperatures that touch or are near each other, the hotter surface cools and the colder surface warms up. This is the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Refrigerators use a type of gas called HFC-134a, also called tetrafluoroethane. HFC turns into a liquid when it is cooled to -15.9 degrees Fahrenheit. When the HFC is compressed, a gas heats up as it is pressurized. The compressed gas passes through the coils on the refrigerator. The HFC later cools, it may change into a liquid because it is under a high pressure. The liquid then flows through an expansion valve. When the liquid HFC hits a low pressure area it starts to boil and then changes into a gas, making it vaporize. The coils then go through the freezer where the colder liquid in the coil pulls the heat out of the compartments. This process makes the inside of the refrigerator cold. The gas is finally sucked back up and the process repeats. The compressor sucks up the cold gas, and the gas goes back through the same process over and over.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.jland.org/swat/e5/refrig.html
http://webserver.dmt.upm.es/~isidoro/bk3/c18/Refrigeration.pdf
Limestone, a common sedimentary rock, is surprisingly used in the agriculture business as a harmless fertilizer. When limestone is heated between 825-900 degrees Celsius it creates a type of quicklime known as calcium oxide which can be a very useful chemical for farmers. This chemical reaction is considered endothermic because of the heat being absorbed resulting in the chemical change. Many fertilizers can contain harmful pesticides and herbicides that can damage the growing process. However, this quicklime made from limestone does not seem to carry any of these dangerous chemicals. The equation for this chemical reaction is calcium carbonate (CaCO3(s)) ---> CaO(s) + CO2(g) making calcium carbonate the reactant and leaving calcium oxide and carbon dioxide as the products. Limestone is also used in lakes to neutralize acidity, and it is also a main ingredient in cement, concrete, and glass. I chose limestone as a good example of thermodynamics because of the unknown and rare ways it benefits our environment.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.docbrown.info/page01/ExIndChem/ExIndChem.htm
Thermodynamics is used in a variety of ways in everyday life. Thermodynamics can even be found in arguments concerning weight loss. Thermodynamics explains that matter cannot be created or destroyed; therefore, the calories that come into the body must come out of the body. Metabolism, which greatly contributes to a person's weight loss, can be seen as a exothermic reaction rate. The quicker a person's rate, the quicker he/she will burn calories. Many different theories of weight loss can be found all over the world. Many people argue for increasing the rate of metabolism in a variety of ways such as eating breakfast, exercising, or taking a form of Vitamin B. The purpose of this research is to find an universal way of weight loss that works for everyone. I find this research interesting because it affects many different people everywhere.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.forbes.com/sites/jennifercohen/2012/05/29/6-ways-to-boost-your-metabolism/
http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2008/10/first-law-of-thermodynamics-in-real.html
http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/index.php/calories-thermodynamics-and-weight/
The concept of the second law of thermodynamics applied to heat engine is equally applicable on the internal combustion engines used in our cars, motorcycles, ships, airplanes, etc. In the internal combustion engines the heat is generated by combustion of fuel inside the engine. The combustion of fuel takes place due to generation of the spark (Spark Ignition or SI engines) as in case of the gasoline engines or due to compression of the fuel (Compression Ignition or CI engines) as in case of the diesel engines.
ReplyDeleteSome part of the heat generated inside the engine is used to perform the work moving piston inside the engine cylinder. The piston is connected to the crankshaft via connecting rod. The reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into the rotary motion of the crankshaft, which is converted to the rotary motion of the wheels via gear box. The remaining part of the heat generated inside the engine is released to the atmosphere as the exhaust gases or tailpipe emissions. In this case the engine where heat is generated is called as source, whereas the atmosphere where heat is released is called as sink. As per the second law of thermodynamics, higher the temperature of the source and lower the temperature of the sink, higher is the efficiency of the engine.
The second law of thermodynamics is applicable to all the engine cycles including Otto, Diesel etc no matter what type of they are and what type of fluid they are working on. It is discovery of this law that has lead to the progress of mankind to the present day vehicles. There is hardly any other law which as extensive applications as the second law of thermodynamics.
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/thermodynamics/4349-applications-of-second-law-of-thermodynamics-with-automobile-engines/
Thermodynamics is used all the time in many different things around the world. Although I thought it interesting at the fact that it was used in the treatment of soil. When people go to treat the soil it is treated in a three phase system. while there is no one expression to apply to the solid and gas phases, The main phase is the water phase. Water phase must be given special treatment because the binding of water to the solid matrix. A new set of Variables must be introduced to the water phase so that the phase can be represented as a completely different thermodynamic system. The rate of change in The Thermodynamics is really slow in itself. But, The liquid phase in the treatment of soil is the most important part mainly because it requires an entire new thermodynamic expression. The water phase expression must have its own independent environment so that the solid matrix(expression) does not interfere with the treatment of the water phase.
ReplyDeletehttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00997316 = Source
The use of chemical thermodynamics and reaction kinetics is necessary to model the transformation of minerals and their dissolved constituents in soils and other systems. Soils are thermodynamically open systems subject to atmospheric and biological forces and do not attain overall thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to either mass or time. Local or partial equilibrium conditions may persist for particular minerals and their dissolved constituents. Igneous and metamorphic primary minerals break down chemically to yield disordered gels or colloids and constituent ions which can then reorganize or precipitate to form more stable hydrogen oxide silicates, carbonates or other minerals.Occurring iron and aluminum oxides and kaolin clays abundant in highly weathered soils are commonly believed to be the ultimate stable end products of weathering reactions but usually are thermodynamically metastable with respect to more perfectly ordered synthetic specimens. Thermodynamic stability is no guaranty of mineral persistence with sufficient time even the most perfectly crystallized stable mineral will yield to the solubilizing assault of undersaturated surface waters.
ReplyDeleteContents of this website are good and appreciative.
ReplyDeleteOzonation Generator Technology & Ozone Waste Water Treatment
To contend in the market, you must have a 'Name' and 'Graphical Representation' of your organization to get retained by your specialty. An anonymous and unremarkable 'Item' will be of no utilization.
ReplyDeletelogo design service