In class, we have been studying the unit of stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is a practical application and is used is many circumstances. Those circumstances range from baking to rocket fuels to putting air in your tire. For this post, you will research how stoichiometry is used in an application that is interesting to you. Provide a summary of the experiment, project, or application in which stoichiometry is used. Also, include other information to help explain how stoichiometry is applied to your post.
Remember to use complete sentences and the post should be roughly a paragraph in length.
This post is due by midnight on Monday, March 11th. We will discuss posts in class on Tuesday, March 12th. Remember it will be worth a 20 point quiz grade. The rubric is available on edline.
If you have any questions, please let me know. Have Fun!
How is stoichiometry related to airbags? In a head-on collision, an airbag must be able to expand in milliseconds. The air bag is set off a sensor which can detect a head-on collision, and will trigger the airbag causing it to expand. The airbag is filled with a mixture of NaN3, KNO3, and SiO2. Three reactions happen in an airbag when it is triggered. The first reaction is when N2 gas fills the bag and converts to NaN3, which is highly toxic and when used must be precise, to produce a harmless glass. Sodium azide which is NaN3 decomposes to produce sodium metal and nitrogen gas in the second reaction. KNO3 and SiO2 remove sodium metal by converting it to harmless substances potassium oxide, sodium dioxide, and additional N2 gas. The N2 gas fills the airbag and the metal oxides react with silicon dioxide in the final reaction to produce silicate glass, which is completely harmless. Stoichiometry is used in airbags to determine the exact amount of each substance needed so that the airbag will function properly and safely.
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One of the main problems that scientists had while developing ways to breathe in spacecraft like the International Space Station was where the excess CO2 being expelled by humans was going to go. Scientists found, using stoichiometry, that CO2 was going to be absorbed with a sorbent known as lithium hydroxide. This exothermic reaction creates to create lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and water (H2O). This is used over any reaction because it absorbs the most CO2 with a small amount of heat produced in the reaction. A disadvantage to this includes the irreversibility of the reaction. This causes the lithium hydroxide canister exchange an everyday chore. Another disadvantage is the potential chance of some toxicity in the spacecraft due to the lithium hydroxide dust that could be ingest by the crew members. Before every space shuttle, EECOM (Emergency and Environmental, and Consumable Managers) crew member and flight controllers are prepared to exchange the lithium hydroxide canisters before going on the space craft. These canisters are prepared using stoichiometry to balance the CO2 with the lithium hydroxide to create lithium carbonate and H20.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.nasa.gov/pdf/519344main_AP_ST_Chem_CO2Removal_Stoich%2012-20-10.pdf
How is stoichiometry important in the medical field? Stochiometry is important in calculating the numbers of products formed by using different conversion factors. This is essential in the manufacturing of medicine. It also is important in determining a amount of the substance neccessary and whether the medication might react with a metabolic process in the body. A metabolic process is an organic process that takes place in cells or organisms that are essential to every day life. An example of this would be the breaking down of food into energy. Stoichiometry also is used to figure out a balance that will counteract the medicine if it does react with a metabolic process. Over all it is important in whether a pharmicist will be able to prescribe a medicine to a patiant that will be able do the job it was intended for. Or whether the medicine will potentially harm the patient.
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Stoichiometry is also invloved in hot air balloons. Hot air balloons are an example of Charles' law. Charles' law states that the hotter the balloon gets, the more volume it requires at the same pressure. The expansion of gas lowers the density of the gas; therefore, the bigger the balloon the higher and longer it would fly in the air. In the 1930s, a German ship in New Jersey used hydrogen to power a hot air balloon. The balloon caught on fire. Initially, scientists thought this incident happened because hydrogen is combustible. People began using helium, a noncombustible gas, and that is the same gas used in hot air ballons today.
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the first thing that popped into my mind when it thought about how stoichiometry was a rocket Launch. when a rocket launch takes place the solid rocket fuel, (which can be hydrogen or other substances such as ammonium) are ignited chemically which causes basically a huge explosion inside the rocket. an oxidizer has to be used for the combustion process.oxygen of course is the main oxidizer used, but there are many different types of oxidizers. types of hydrogen, chlorine, sulfur, nitrogen, etc. are common types of oxidizers. liquid fuel is also used in rockets. liquid fuel agents can be controlled more easily. kerosene (C12H26, or C15H32) is one of the main liquid agent, mostly because of the abundance and it is probably more affordable than other agents such as nitrogen tetroxide(N2O4) or hydrazine (N2H4). these are just some of the chemicals used in rocket launches. scientist use stoichiometry a lot in rocket launches. They have to be accurate with their equations as well to avoid danger.
ReplyDeleteI am an artist, so mixing colors is important to me. There are primary colors red, yellow, and blue. Primary colors in varying amounts can create different shades of colors (secondary colors). White paint is used to lighten colors. For example when using Delta Craft paint to make the color mulberry, I would use eggplant,rooster red, and mageneta in a 3:2:1 ratio. Stoichiometry is applied all around us in everyday use. We use stoichiometry without realizing it sometimes. Painters use it all the time to make their artwork incredible.
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i call combustion
ReplyDeleteIn MIG welding, shielding gases are used so that the nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere from contaminating the weld. When I weld,I use a mixture of 75 percent Argon gas and 25 percent carbon dioxide. This allows for a strong weld. Depending on the type of welding, different mixtures can be used. Argon gas is a common gas used in all types of welding. If gas is not used in the correct mixture, a weld will not be strong. Stoichiometry is used in welding at all times.
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Combustion is a very important reaction in many chemical reactions. Air–fuel ratio is the ratio of air to fuel in an internal combustion engine. In theory after the reaction is complete, there is not supposed to be any fuel left, but this rarely happens. Combustion in an engine like this usually last 4–5 milliseconds at an engine speed of 6000 rpm, which is very quick. This time is from when the spark is lighted and the reaction is done. A stoichiometric mixture burns at very high temperatures and can damage engine components if the engine is placed under high pressure. Because of the high temperatures at this mixture, detonation of the fuel air mix shortly after maximum cylinder pressure is possible. This detonation can cause serious damages in the engine. Stoichiometric are only used under light load conditions because of the serious effects it could leave in the engine. The air to fuel mixture is approximately 13-1 but E.P.A makes it where the ratio has to be 14-1. This is to allow for every one gram of fuel, 14.7 grams of air are required. Most fuels consist of heptane, octane, other alkanes, and additives such as detergents, and maybe oxygenators such as MTBE or ethanol/methanol. These compounds all alter the stoichiometric ratio. Combustion is used to power some engines, and is important to look further into the reaction because of the risk the reaction can have.
ReplyDeletehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%E2%80%93fuel_ratio
Stoichiometry is used by aircraft engineering so they can determine the distance that a plane will travel before needing to be refueled. The distance that a fighter jet needs to be refueled and the distance that a commercial airliner needs to be refueled are different. So with stoichiometry is used so that the commercial airliner can land in a airfield and be refueled ,and then the fighter jet can be refueled in the air. Otherwise the pilots would not know when to refuel.
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I'm very interested in the field of medicine.I wondered how important stoichiometry was in the medical field.
ReplyDeleteStoichiometry is importance in medicine for calculating the numbers of product formed making use of different conversions. This could be essential in the manufacturing of medication and determining a amount of substance necessary and, remembering that medication might react or perhaps change in accordance with some other metabolic processes from the body, may need an additional quantity to compensate for these types of effects.Stoichiometry really helps with conversions. So if you wanted to convert from, say grams to cubic centimeters (cc's are the most commonly used unit of volume in medicine) simply use stoichiometry and plug in the correct conversion values. Additionally, you could use stoichiometry to determine the amount or concentration of a certain element in any given drug through a similar process. This would probably be helpful in determining the amount of drugs to give a patient with a unique weight.
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Stoichiometry is used a lot, believe it or not, in nuclear chemistry where you must have two or three or four chemicals reacting at one time. In an atomic bomb, the different chemicals must come together at certain times by looking at the mass or amount of a certain chemical. The correct mass or molar mass must be achieved so that a large enough explosion occurs. Because, all the different chemicals must be sure they do not have too much excess or the explosion could go wrong. So, the people who work on atomic bombs and in the nuclear chemistry field must know the mass-to-mass or mole-to-mass conversion factor. All this is needed so that, as I said before, the chemicals' nucleus can collide with the neutrons of another to create the correct reaction pattern.
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Stoichiometry has been used in the past to develop jet engines and propulsion mechanisms for missiles and other rockets. The Ramjet, for example, uses stoichiometry to convert a dense liquid fuel into the correct amount of gas fuel in order to allow the engine to travel at supersonic speeds and for great distances. The US military used stoichiometry to develop more efficient engines for fighter jets and to increase the longevity of the US Strategic Nuclear Arsenal. American scientists were able to gain the upper hand on the Soviet Union during the Cold War in terms of the efficiency of its missiles and other rocket technology. The Soviet Union did not have as good of an understanding about stoichiometry and how it applies to engineering has the United States had and as a result, the Soviet Union fell further behind in the weapons race. The use of stoichiometry to develop engines such as the Ramjet allowed the US to gain the upper hand on the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
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Stoichiometry is used in something as simple as baking cookies. When baking cookies, a recipe is usually used, telling the exact amount of each ingredient. If you need more, you can double or triple the amount of each ingredient that you need to use. A cookie recipe is much like a balanced equation. It may be necessary at times to lessen the amount of each ingredient. For example, if you only had a certain amount of sugar, you would need to calculate the amount of the other ingredients you would need based on the sugar amount. This interests me because I enjoy baking.
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Stoichiometry is used by chemical engineers in the production of plastics. Common plastics including PVC, C2H3Cl, polyethylene, CH2, and Nylon-6, C6H11ON, are all produced through the use of combining different substances, including resins, salts, and carbon-based substances. These reactants are bonded together in a chemical reaction by heat. Chemical engineers use stoichiometry to formulate the ratio of reactants to produce these kinds of plastics and with the properties that they wish to attain. Also, chemical engineers use stoichiometry to calculate the quantity of reactants to the quantity of the product they would like to be produced. This is interesting to me because my Dad's company uses plastics such as these to produce film, and because these plastics are used in most consumer goods and industry today.
ReplyDeletehttp://composite.about.com/od/Plastics/a/Most-Common-Plastics.htm
http://plastics.americanchemistry.com/How-Plastics-Are-Made
Chemically engineered commodities all rely on stoichiometry for their production. Soap is my example of stiochiometry. It involves a chemical process to be made. How exactly does this happen? In order to understand it, you must consider the chemical makeup of the acid and base being used in the reaction. Potassium hydroxide is more prominently used for liquid soap making. As you combine, and stir the carefully measured acid and base together, they start to react. The triglycerides within the acid release the single glycerol molecule allowing the fatty acids to combine with the hydroxide ions within the base, forming soap.
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Stoichiometry is simple, such as quart to Liter. Two good examples of this today are in Nursing and in Pharmaceuticals. Nurses routinely use Stoichiometry to convert drip ratios to prescribed orders or administer drugs at prescribed dosages. They use a persons weight to determine dosage. Pharmaceutical manufacturing uses stoichiometric calculations all the time in creating drug products and intermediates from raw materials.
ReplyDeleteStoichiometry is used in car racing in the form of Nitrous Oxide(N2O). To boost the performance of a car engine Nitrous Oxide is released into the engine to increase the oxygen concentration from 21% to about 33%, and it also decreases the temperature which is usually around 572 degrees F. For every 10 degrees the engine is cooled, horsepower is increased by 1%. This also then increases the carbon dioxide and heat present in the engine. Which then causes increased pressure on the pistons making the engine more powerful. A standard engine uses a basic mixture of gas and air, but using Nitrous Oxide, provides the racer with an advantage over his competition.
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In aquatic systems, the stoichiometry of available nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, has been used to predict phytoplankton species composition, and models that predict species composition based on nutrient loading ratios recently have been extended zooplankton.These approaches are exciting, because they have the potential to unite predictive models of populations with environmental processes determining large scale patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation.
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Stoichiometry is used in the manufacturing of ammunition and munitions. The manufacturing of a bullet is a very precise process that involves the use of stoichiometry in almost every step of the process. Ammunition is a critical advantage in war, and it is used by many armies. The measurement of the bullet's internal powder, primer and other substances within the casing of the ammunition are measured through stoichiometry and conversions from one unit to the other . The primer must be measured properly or the bullet with not react quick enough or at all; it is somewhat rare for a primer not to go off though. The next measuring process is the measuring of the cordite and gunpowder. Gunpowder consists of saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal, and the cordite is made up of nitroglycerin, guncotton, and petroleum. The gunpowder and cordite must be measure correctly, or the bullet will not be launched out of the barrel correctly causing huge problems. If the gunpowder is over-measured, the gun's barrel may explode due to the pressure not escapeing fast enough; however, if the gunpowder is under-measured, the projectile may not reach its speed and acceleration peak.
ReplyDeleteThe bullet itself would not be completely optimized in terms of speed, accuracy, and acceleration if the stoichiometry was never created. Without the stoichiometry process, ammunition would not have come as far as it has, and ammunition would still be considered stones. Stoichiometry has improved the bullet in many ways the have benefited nations and armies tremendously, and the improved bullet through stoichiometry has helped win many battles.
Sources:
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/how-does-a-bullet-work.html
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-stoichiometry.htm
http://chemistry.about.com/od/fireworkspyrotechnics/a/black-powder-composition.htm
Gas grills are found in most households as a type of cooking device. They are good examples of stoichiometry because of the gases that gas grills absorb and release.. Some of these gases include propane gas(C3H4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen gas (O2). Water (H2O) is also a product in this reaction. Stoichiometry can be used to determine the amount of carbon dioxide that is released when a gas grill begins to start up. There is much more information you can obtain from knowing that the propane gas and oxygen gas are the reactants, and the water and carbon dioxide are the products in certain gas grill reactions.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.marietta.edu/~patek/flash/stoich.html
Stoichiometry is used every day, probably in more ways than you will ever realize. One of the most important uses can be found in the production of pharmaceuticals because they affect most people's everyday life. Pharmacists use stoichiometry to determine the quantity of ingredients to be administered to a certain drug. If a chemist or pharmacist mix up the doses for a drug that is taken by any living being it can easily cause death. Too little dosage has no effect and too much dosage can cause a drug overdose or serious side effects. Although there are risks involved with taking prescription and nonprescription drugs, the benefits often outweigh the risks, and we must trust that pharmacists correctly proportion their stoichiometric problems.
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Stoichiometry is essentially the part of chemistry that has to deal with masses of products and reactants. It is very important from a mathematical standpoint on science, specifically chemistry. It abides by the law of conservation of mass. An example of stoichiometry would be with the use of propane. Propane is used to fuel things such as gas drills. The balanced chemical equation for this is: C3H8 + 5 O2 --> 4 H2O + 3 CO2. Stoichiometry could be used to find the amount of an element created as the propane is being used.
ReplyDeleteIt is extremely useful with finding amount of substances needed to carry out a reaction.
Sources:
http://www.marietta.edu/~patek/flash/stoich.html
http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C74986&Mask=4&Type=ANTOINE&Plot=on
DeleteDid you know that stoichiometry is even used in furnaces? A furnace that provides heat by burning methane gas (CH4) must have the correct mixture of air and fuel to operate efficiently. In a furnace, achieving a near- or sub-stoichiometric combustion ratio is key to creating a NOx-reducing environment. Part of the combustion air must be introduced downstream of the burner to achieve sub-stoichiometric conditions. This allows the primary combustion zone in the lower furnace to operate in a “reducing environment” that partially starves the lower furnace of oxygen. The mole ratio is 1mole methane to 2 moles molecular oxygen.
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We use stoichiometry everyday in the simplest ways. It is so simple even animals use it even though they might not know it. A camel is used to travel long ways across the dessert, so it uses stoichiometry to help store fats. A camel store the fat tristearin (C57H110O6) which then they can turn that into water. And we can use stoichiometry to find out how much water they can make. A camel makes 1.112 liters of water from one kilogram of fat.
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ReplyDeleteStoichiometry is used in fertilizer. Fertilizer is labelled according to NPK which is the amount of nitrogen/phosphorous/potassium. It is very important to make sure the equation is balanced because if one is to strong the fertilizer could kill the crop or, if it is made to weak it would have no effect. It is important to make sure the mole ratios are balanced so that the right amount of each element is present. Fertilizer is so important in every persons life because it is used to help crops for which feed people around the world. Without fertilizer crops would have a lot tougher time to grow.
ReplyDeletehttp://wiki.chemprime.chemeddl.org/index.php/Fertilizers,_Formulas,_and_Ecological_Stoichiometry
Stoichiometric ratios can be seen in calculations used in the treatment of acid run off from mines. The Peerless Jenny King treatment system, which is a system of four cells that treat acid drainage, has been used and researched at Tenmile Creek near Helena, Montana. The goal of this research was to monitor the activitey of the microbials in the run off. Scientist wanted to measure each class of microbial: fermenters, methanogens, and sulfate reducers. The study showed sulfate reducers activity was higher that that of previous studies, and methanogens activy was a small process that happened cell number three. The study also showed the Stoichiometry calculation of carbon was significantly higher than the predicted number, which based on previous stiochiometric ratios of carbon per sulfate reducer.
ReplyDeletehttp://www.asmr.us/Publications/Conference%20Proceedings/2007/0109-Buccambuso-CO-2.pdf
DeleteStoichiometry can be used in the simplest of things, including making chalk, and even making a batch of cookies for your friends. For example, if you have all the ingredients to make a batch of cookies but your running low on one ingredient, you will have to lower the amount of the other ingredients, in order to make sure you have enough to make any cookies at all. This is an example of using ratios.
ReplyDeleteAn example of people having to use stoichiometry in real life would be farming. They have to know when to plant and harvest their crops. They often use fertilizers for the soil to replenish nutrients for better crops. Corn uses a large amount of phosphorus from the soil. Farmers have to use phosphorus rich fertilizer in order to get a better crop. On average, an acre of corn will remove 6 kilograms of phosphorus from the ground.
Deletehttp://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/73848-Chemistry-Stoichiometry-Real-Life-Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is used with several daily activities in our lives, like cooking. The ratio of the amount of ingredients is a main example in cooking. If you measure the starting amount of ingredients then you will find out the total number of cookies that will be made. This could be made into chemistry terms of how the reactants to determine the amount of products. So in a cookbook there are many invariably recipes that tell you to add two cups or add three tablespoons these are both empirically derived directions. Why is it two cups instead of three in a recipe? Theres no atomic theory of cooking like in atomic theory of matter but there is still chemistry that occurs during chemistry. So stoichiometry makes an understanding that ratios are required for a proper reaction.
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Www.chemistryexplained.com
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In almost every single thing people do, Stoichiometry is used, whether they realize it or not. Medicine, for example, used Stoichiometry for calculating the numbers of product formed for making use of the different conversions it creates. This process is very important in getting the amount of a certain substance right in a specific medicine. It is also used in knowing how the certain substance might react or change with some of the metabolic processes in the body. With that known, Stoichiometry is the most well known process to determine the best way to deliver the right amount of a certain substance to each individual person with specific body weight and tolerance for a certain medicine.
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